Latin Collegium 2

Latin Collegium #2

Stefano d’Urbino September ASXXXIII
(Alistair Ramsden September 1998)
[version 1.01]

Adverbs: Questions & Answers
Irregular Verbs: sum I am & eo I go
Neuter 2^{nd Declension Nouns

4th Conjugation Verbs}

^Exercises

^{Adverbs: Questions

& Answers

Adverbs can be used

individually as exclamations, or at the start of a sentence as interrogations

or questions.

cur, why

quam, how

quando, when

quid, what}

^quis,	^(m.sing.)	who, which
^quae,	^(f.sing.)
^quod,	^(n.sing.)
^qui,	^(m.plur.)
^quae,	^(f.plur.)
^quae,	^(n.plur.)

^{quo, where to, what for

quomodo, how

ubi where is

unde where from

Interrogative adverbs are very

mutable in meaning. Quam how is more often used in an exclamatory sense;

quomodo how is more often used in an interrogative sense; however, qui

and quo sometimes also mean how.

Quomodo how is a

complex adverb. It made up of two simple adverbs, quo where to, what for

and modo only, at all. There are many complex adverbs, such as:

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam,

quidpiam, some, someone, something}

^{quisquam, quaequam,

quodquam, quidquam,} ^{any,

anyone, anything}

^{quisque, quaeque, quodque,

quidque,} ^{every,

everyone, everything}

^{eg. epistulam portas you

carry the letter

cur epistulam portas? why

[do] you carry the letter?

quo epistulam portas? where

[do] you carry the letter to?

Another way to ask a

question is to add the suffix "-ne" to (the end of) a verb. This

interrogative verb form, like an adverb, is used at the start of a sentence,

unlike the regular verb form, which is at the end of a sentence.

eg. portasne epistulam? [do]

you carry the letter?

Irregular Verbs: sum I

am & eo I go

Sum I am and eo I

go are two important verb forms which do not fit neatly into any conjugation

or set of word rules, and are said to be IRREGULAR VERBS.}

^{Present Indicative Tense (Active)}

^{1st person sing.}	^{sum, I am}	^{eo, I go}
^{2nd person sing.}	^{es, you are}	^{is, you go}
^{3rd person sing.}	^{est, he, she, it is}	^{it, he, she, it goes}
^{1st person plur.}	^{sumus, we are}	^{imus, we go}
^{2nd person plur.}	^{estis, you all are}	^{itis, you all go}
^{3rd person plur.}	^{sunt, they are}	^{eunt, they go}

^{Imperative Tense (Active)}

^Singular	^{es, (you) be!}	^{i, (you) go!}
^Plural	^{este, (you all) be!}	^{ite, (you all) go!}

^{Infinitive Tense (Active)}

^Present	^{esse, to be}	^{ire, to go}

^{Note that the "i"

in is, imus, itis, i, ite, & ire is long, and pronounced like "ee"

in deep.

Neuter 2nd Declension

Nouns

All the nouns of the

second declension are masculine or neuter. The easiest to decline are the neuter

nouns because they are more regular. They are similar to the nouns of the first

declension, except the noun endings are based on "-um" instead of

"-a".

Like the first declension,

the noun endings define number, gender and case, as below. Note how the nouns

are defined by their nominative and genitive singular forms.

SECOND DECLENSION (NEUTER)

for-um, for-i, n. market place

Case Singular Plural

Nominative for-um for-a

Vocative for-um for-a

Accusative for-um for-a

Genitive for-i for-orum

Dative for-o for-is

Ablative for-o for-is

argentum, -i n. silver,

money

bellum -i n. war

epulum, -i n. banquet

ferrum, -i. n. iron, iron implement, sword

ientaculum, -i n. breakfast

oppidum, -i n. town

plaustrum, i n. wagon, cart

poculum, -i n. cup

prandium, -i n. lunch

proelium, -i n. battle

scutum, -i n. shield

tabernaculum, -i n. tent

verbum, -i n. word

vinum, -i. n. wine

4th Conjugation Verbs

The fourth conjugation is

like the first, except that the verb endings are based on "-i-"

instead of "-a-".

FOURTH CONJUGATION

aud-io, aud-ire, hear, learn

Present Indicative Tense

(Active)

1st person sing. aud-io I hear

2nd person sing. aud-is you hear

3rd person sing. aud-it he, she, it hears

1st person plur. aud-imus we hear

2nd person plur. aud-itis you all hear

3rd person plur. aud-iunt they hear

Imperative Tense (Active)

Singular aud-i (you) hear!

Plural aud-ite (you all) hear!

Infinitive Tense (Active)

Present aud-ire to hear

abeo, -ire, go away, depart

adeo, -ire, go to, approach

custodio, -ire, guard

conficio, -ire, make, complete

dormio, -ire, sleep

exeo, -ire, go out, leave

invenio, -ire, find

nescio, -ire, not know

redeo, -ire, return

scio, -ire, know

venio, -ire, come

Note that some 1st person

singular tenses of this conjugation use the form of eo I go instead of

"io".

Exercises

Translate into good

English.

cur portasne ferrum et

scutum?

oppidum custodire exeo

quando redisne villam?

prandium conficire redeo

ubi habitatisne?

quidpiam in villis

habitant et quidpiam in tabernaculis habitant

amatne vinum cum ientaculo?

quam scione? num, nescio.

vinum cum epilo amo

unde ferra et scuta

veniunt?

argentum do et forum

ferrum vel scutum vel quidquam redit

sumusne adire villas vel

tabernacula?

forum adeo et dormire is

Next Time:

Masculine 2nd Declension Nouns

2nd Conjugation Verbs

Time

1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives}